Courtyard with statues

“The lodestone and links with the Academy’s motto are suspended in the archway of an ornate palace courtyard labeled ACADEMIA PARTHENIA. Above, on a cloudbank, Apollo attaches a shield bearing the student’s heraldic comet to the garment of an armed female deity. She resembles Minerva, and Minerva’s armor and Gorgon-decorated shield lie discarded at her feet; but her starry dress, helmet, and lance suggest that she is being inducted into the company of constellations. Rather than Minerva, therefore, perhaps she is another παρθένος, namely, Virgo, the sixth sign of the zodiac. Hyginus identifies Virgo as Astraea, the goddess of Justice, but adds that “others call her a daughter of Apollo by Chrysothemis, an infant named Parthenos, or Virgin. Because she died young, she was put by Apollo among the constellations” (Hyg., Poet. astr. II.25).125 On the left, the sky goddess Juno is seated beside the constellation Ursa; on the right, a female figure dressed in star-spangled robes is possibly Nox, the goddess of night. Although the significance of the scene remains obscure, it is bound to be connected in some way to the student’s astral heraldry” (cf. L. Rice, ARCANIS NODIS: The Emblematic Thesis Prints of the Roman College, p. 429).

Engraving, circa 1620, signed at lower left Jo. F. Greuter sculp.

Magnificent work, rich in tones, printed on contemporary laid paper, with margins, in good condition.

At the top is the inscription AMDG, a Latin abbreviation for "Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam" [To the greater glory of God], motto of the Society of Jesus, better known as the Jesuits.

Through to the work of reformers such as Ignatius of Loyola, by 1600 Rome had become a city of schools. The University of Rome, founded in the early 14th century, was joined by the Collegio Romano, founded by the Jesuits in 1551, the Seminario Romano, various national schools (including the Germanic College, the Greek College, and the English College) - dedicated to the education of young Catholics from non-Catholic countries - the Collegio Clementino, and many other minor colleges and academies. These institutions represented important new markets for printing. Professors published books that required title pages, while students celebrated their academic achievements by publishing flyers and brochures richly decorated with engravings. The impact of all this on the printing industry was considerable. At the beginning of the 17th century, Rome's educational institutions were among the city's most important consumers of printed matter. The academic year was punctuated by thesis discussions, events of fundamental importance within the system, which allowed the most gifted and talented students to showcase their eloquence and erudition before an elite audience. Thesis discussions generated a large amount of printed material, as well as the most elaborate. The broadsheets (a term used to describe individual printed publications that do not belong to a book or collection) listing the ‘conclusions’, or theses, that the student would discuss became essential accessories, which, over time, were embellished with engravings rich in artistic and iconographic virtuosity, giving rise to a fashion that would last more than a hundred years.

Prints designed and produced specifically to decorate the broadsheets first appeared in the mid-1580s, and by 1590 it was common practice for students to commission large and impressive heraldic-allegorical compositions to accompany their defenses. From the outset, these prints were not only decorative but also had a celebratory function. The Jesuits encouraged their students to dedicate their theses to important and influential figures, knowing that an elegant and well-received dedication had the potential to promote not only the defender's career prospects but also the reputation of the college. The conclusion thus served the same purpose as the dedication: both were designed to oil the mechanisms of patronage.

Among the leading artists/engravers who specialized in this new graphic market were Matthaeus and his son Johann Friedrich Greuter, who clearly enjoyed a special relationship with the Jesuits, judging by the number of prints they made for them and their students. Matthaeus may have established a connection with the Society even before leaving France; and among the Jesuits based in Rome were influential Germans who may have given him a helping hand when he first arrived there in 1603. This would explain how he managed to get off to a good start, completing several large conclusions for students at the Roman College and the Germanic College before the end of 1604. After gaining a foothold in the college market, he quickly established himself as one of the leading producers of conclusions in Rome. Fifty-eight prints of Matthaeus' theses are listed in The New Hollstein, but he certainly engraved more. At least a dozen unlisted ones exist, and since he did not always sign his plates, there are probably many more yet to be identified.

These theses, although probably printed in large numbers, are now very rare, and only a few copies are recorded in institutional collections around the world. Jorg Diefenbacher (cf. The Greuter Family part III, Johann Friederich Greuter, p. 46) list only 2 institutional examples of this engraving.

Bibliografia

Louise Rice, Matthaeus Greuter and the Conclusion Industry in Seventeenth-Century Rome, in “Ein Priviilegiertes Medium und die Bildkulturen Europas, Deutsche, Franzosische und Niederlandische Kupferstecher und Graphikvetleger in Rom von 1590 bis 1630” Ròmische Studien der Bibliotheca Hertziana b.de 32, pp. 221-238; cfr, Jorg Diefembacher, The Greuter Family part I, Matthaeus Greuter, in “The New Hollstein”, n. 33 II/II; L. Rice, ARCANIS NODIS: The Emblematic Thesis Prints of the Roman College, pp. 430-32, n. 9.