Flora [Persephone]

Engraving, ca. 1560/65; lower left editorial imprint Ferrando Berteli Excudebat.

Inscribed at lower left: SE RAPITA LASCIAI VERDVRE ET FIORI / REGINA HOR GODO, ET PIENE ANCO LE MANI / LIETA NE TENGO DI MORE GRATI ODORI.

Bartsch attributes the engraving to Enea Vico, for the publisher Ferrando Bertelli.

Example in the first state of four for Rubach, second of five for Alberti (who recalls how Nagler listed a proof ahead Bertelli's imprint), before Duchetti's address.

Magnificent proof, richly toned imprinted on contemporary laid paper with watermark "tulips in a shield with star" (cf. Woodward nos. 124-125), with wide margins, in perfect condition.

Printed in Vico's Venetian period and published by Ferrando Bertelli, this plate was probably acquired by Claudio Duchetti - active in Venice at least until 1570 where he collaborated with the leading printers of the period - and then flowed into the Lafreri printing house, where it appears in the Index (1573, no. 244) as Statua della Dea Florida.

The engraving depicts a young woman with hands full of flowers and windswept drapery. The triplet at lower left alludes to the myth of Persephone, whom the Romans identified with Proserpine. Persephone was thought to be the daughter of the nymph Styx, or, in other, more widespread sources, she was thought to be the daughter of Zeus and Demeter. Abducted by Hades she became his bride, goddess of the harvest and the underworld. The engraving in all likelihood is a free artistic interpretation by Vico; however, it may depict a now-lost statue of Proserpine.

The work belongs to the Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae, the earliest iconography of ancient Rome.

The Speculum originated in the publishing activities of Antonio Salamanca and Antonio Lafreri (Lafrery). During their Roman publishing careers, the two editors-who worked together between 1553 and 1563-started the production of prints of architecture, statuary, and city views related to ancient and modern Rome. The prints could be purchased individually by tourists and collectors, but they were also purchased in larger groups that were often bound together in an album. In 1573, Lafreri commissioned a frontispiece for this purpose, where the title Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae appears for the first time. Upon Lafreri's death, two-thirds of the existing copperplates went to the Duchetti family (Claudio and Stefano), while another third was distributed among several publishers. Claudio Duchetti continued the publishing activity, implementing the Speculum plates with copies of those "lost" in the hereditary division, which he had engraved by the Milanese Amborgio Brambilla. Upon Claudio's death (1585) the plates were sold - after a brief period of publication by the heirs, particularly in the figure of Giacomo Gherardi - to Giovanni Orlandi, who in 1614 sold his printing house to the Flemish publisher Hendrick van Schoel. Stefano Duchetti, on the other hand, sold his own plates to the publisher Paolo Graziani, who partnered with Pietro de Nobili; the stock flowed into the De Rossi typography passing through the hands of publishers such as Marcello Clodio, Claudio Arbotti and Giovan Battista de Cavalleris. The remaining third of plates in the Lafreri division was divided and split among different publishers, some of them French: curious to see how some plates were reprinted in Paris by Francois Jollain in the mid-17th century. Different way had some plates printed by Antonio Salamanca in his early period; through his son Francesco, they goes to Nicolas van Aelst's. Other editors who contributed to the Speculum were the brothers Michele and Francesco Tramezzino (authors of numerous plates that flowed in part to the Lafreri printing house), Tommaso Barlacchi, and Mario Cartaro, who was the executor of Lafreri's will, and printed some derivative plates. All the best engravers of the time - such as Nicola Beatrizet (Beatricetto), Enea Vico, Etienne Duperac, Ambrogio Brambilla, and others  - were called to Rome and employed for the intaglio of the works.

All these publishers-engravers and merchants-the proliferation of intaglio workshops and artisans helped to create the myth of the Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae, the oldest and most important iconography of Rome. The first scholar to attempt to systematically analyze the print production of 16th-century Roman printers was Christian Hülsen, with his Das Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae des Antonio Lafreri of 1921. In more recent times, very important have been the studies of Peter Parshall (2006) Alessia Alberti (2010), Birte Rubach and Clemente Marigliani (2016). 

Bibliografia

C. Hülsen, Das Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae des Antonio Lafreri (1921), n. 65; cfr. Peter Parshall, Antonio Lafreri's 'Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae, in “Print Quarterly”, 1 (2006); B. Rubach, Ant. Lafreri Formis Romae (2016), n. 331, I/IV; A. Alberti, L’indice di Antonio Lafrery (2010), n. A 129, II/V; Marigliani, Lo splendore di Roma nell’Arte incisoria del Cinquecento (2016), n. V.29; cfr. D. Woodward, Catalogue of watermarks in Italian printed maps 1540 – 1600 (1996); Bartsch XV, S. 293, n. 23.